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The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami was an 8.8 to 9.1-M_W megathrust earthquake that created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft). It was measured at 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The earthquake focus was reported to be 130 kilometres off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku on 11 March 2011, at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 mi).

News reports by Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) indicate that nearly 580 people have died and more than 1400 are missing in six different prefectures.

Estimates of magnitude range from 8.8 to 9.1 M_W making it the largest earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five largest earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began.

Other Information

• Date : 14:46:23, 11 March 2011 (UTC+9) (2011-03-11T14:46:23UTC+9)
• Magnitude : 8.8–9.1 M_W
• Depth : 24.4 km (15.2 mi)
• Epicenter location : 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369Coordinates
• Type ” Megathrust earthquake
• Countries or regions affected : Japan (primary), Multiple nations (tsunami)
• Total damage : Flooding and reports of major damage
• Tsunami : Yes
• Landslides : Yes
• Aftershocks : At least 150 (22 above 6.0 M_W)
• Casualties (preliminary) : nearly 580 dead, more than 1400 missing (March 11, 2011 )

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The 2010 China floods began in early May 2010. 392 people had died, and a further 232 people had been reported missing as of June 30, 2010, including 57 people in a landslide in Guizhou. 53 of the deaths occurred from the flooding and landslides between May 31 and June 3, and 266 deaths occurred between June 13 and June 29. 424 people were killed by the end of June, including 42 from the Guizhou landslide; 277 more were killed and 147 left missing in the first two weeks of July, bringing the death toll as of August 5 to 1,072. A landslide in early August in Gansu killed at least 702 people and left 1,042 missing. More than 140 million people in 28 provinces, municipalities and regions, especially the southern and central provinces and regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing Municipality, Gansu, Sichuan and Guizhou, and the northeastern province of Jilin have been affected, while at least 4.66 million people have been evacuated because of the risk of flooding and landslides in the latter half of June. By early August, 10.42 million people had been evacuated.

Millions lack drinking water. A total of 1.1 million houses have been destroyed and more than 97,200 square kilometers (24 million acres) of crops have been innundated, while 800,000 ha (2,000,000 acres) of farmland have been completely destroyed. Dozens of rivers remain in flood, including the Pearl River in Guangdong province, which was impacted by severe drought during the spring as its outflow was severely reduced. The total damages from the floods were roughly 83.8 billion yuan as of June 27, 2010, and almost 210 billion yuan (31 billion USD) by August 5. 4.63 million hectares of farmland have been affected by the flooding.

In late May 2010, heavy rainfall caused a train derailment in Jiangxi, killing at least 19 people, and the closure of the Shanghai-Kunming railway line for 24 hours due to a landslide.

Many major rivers in China, including the Yangtze, Yellow and Songhua Rivers have been flooded to danger levels. The Chinese Government has allocated over 2.1 billion yuan for rescue and relief work. The Jialing River, Han River and Huai River have also surged higher than warning levels.

Other Information

• Duration: 10 May – present
• Damages: 31 billion USD
• Fatalities: 1,785 dead, 1,661 missing
• Areas affected: 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalites in the People’s Republic of China; North Korea

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The 2010 Gansu mudslide was a deadly mudslide in Zhugqu County, Gannan TAP that occurred at 12 midnight (UTC+8) on August 8, 2010. It has resulted in more than 700 deaths; more than 1,000 others are still missing. It was caused by the heavy rainfall and flooding in the Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. It was the most deadly individual disaster among the 2010 China floods as of 10 August 2010. The mudslides killed more than 700 people, according to BBC News, as of 10 August 2010.

The worst hit was the Zhouqu County, when mud submerged houses and tore multi-story blocks of flats to pieces. After the heavy rain, there was a buildup of water behind a dam of debris blocking the Bailong River, causing it to overflow and mud to cover houses.

According to Gyurme Dorje’s Tibet Handbook, the forest region of Zhugqu (Drukchu in Tibetan) has, since the 1950s, “shrunk by 30% and the reserve of timber reduced by 25% due to overfelling. The sand in the river water has increased by 60%, and the water volume has reduced by 8%, resulting in increased flooding and drought.”

Other Information

• Date : August 8, 2010
• Time : 12 A.M. CST
• Location : Gansu, China
• Casualties : 702 dead, 1,048 missing

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Continue reading »]]> Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu, is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 500 kilometres (310 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.

2009 Earthquakes

• October 7,2010 : At 2203 UTC an earthquake measured 7.6 struck Vanuatu. Several aftershocks followed a tsunami warning was issued for 11 countries throughout the region although this was canceled within two hours after only a minor tsunami formed.
• October 8, 2010 : Earthquakes measuring 6.2 – 6.8 hit Vanuatu.

2010 Major Earthquakes

• May 28,2010 : 4:14 AM local time, an earthquake measuring 7.4 occurred at sea 300 miles northwest of Port Vila at a depth of 22 miles, prompting an immediate tsunami warning.
• July 2, 2010 : A magnitude 6.8 quake struck off the Pacific Ocean island nation of Vanuatu on Friday, the United States Geological Survey said., The quake was centred 144 miles (230 km) north northwest of Santo and at a depth of 41 miles (25 miles), it said.
• August 10, 2010 : A magnitude 7.5 struck 168 km west northwest of Port-Vila, Vanuatu and generated a tsunami.

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The 2010 Leh floods occurred on August 6, 2010 in Leh in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. At least 165 people died (disputed reports suggested five foreign tourists were killed), and thousands were injured as heavy rains overnight caused flash floods and mudslides. Thousands more were rendered homeless according to government officials. 200 people were still missing following the floods.

About Leh

Leh city is the largest town in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. It is on a plateau at around 3500 meters above sea level and usually receives very little rainfall. It is predominantly Buddhist and popular with tourists for its natural beauty. August is the peak tourist season when thousands of western backpackers flock the area. Described as a ‘high altitude desert’ the area has sparse rainfall and a heavy downpour is a rare occurrence. Leh receives about 80,000 foreign and 100,000 domestic tourists annually.

Flooding

The flash floods happened after a night of heavy downpour. The rains came after midnight and surprised everyone. The rains were triggered by a cloudburst that happened between 12:30 AM and 1 AM. Many buildings were destroyed including Hospitals, bus terminals, radio station transmitter, telephone exchange and mobile-phone towers. The local bus station was damaged and some of the buses were carried more than a mile by the mud. The city’s airport was damaged but this was repaired and relief flights were expected to come in the following day. The village of Choglamsar on the outskirts of the city was particularly badly hit. All of the estimated 3000 tourists in the area including 1000 foreigners were safe according to local officials.

Other Information

• Duration: 6 August 2010
• Fatalities: 165 killed, 200 missing
• Areas affected:

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The 2010 Pakistan floods began in July 2010 after record heavy monsoon rains. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan was worst affected. At least 1,600 people were killed, thousands were rendered homeless, and more than fourteen million people were affected. Estimates from rescue-service-officials suggest the death-toll may reach 3,000 victims. According to a recent estimate of United Nations, the number of people suffering from these massive floods in Pakistan exceeds 13.8 million, which is more than the combined total of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Overview

The floods were caused by monsoon rains, which were forecast to continue into early August and were described as the worst in this area in the last 80 years. The Pakistan Meteorological Department said that 300 mm (12 inches) of rain fell over a 36-hour period and more was expected. So far as many as 500,000 or more people have been displaced from their homes. Manuel Bessler, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, stated that 36 districts were involved, and 550,000 people were affected, although later reports increased the number to as high as a million affected. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial information-minister Mian Iftikhar Hussain said “the infrastructure of this province was already destroyed by terrorism. Whatever was left was finished off by these floods.” He also called the floods “the worst calamity in our history.” Four million Pakistanis were left with food-shortages.

Officials have warned that the death-toll could rise as many towns and villages are not accessible and communications have been disrupted. In some areas, the water-level was 5.5 m (18 ft) high and residents were seen on roof-tops waiting for aid to arrive. At least 45 bridges and 3,700 houses were swept away in the floods. The Karakoram Highway, which connects Pakistan with China, was closed after a bridge was destroyed. The ongoing devastating floods in Pakistan will have a severe impact on an already vulnerable population, says the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In addition to all the other damage they have caused, floodwaters have destroyed much of the healthcare-infrastructure in the worst-affected areas, leaving inhabitants especially vulnerable to water-borne disease.

In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely-affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh. In Sindh, the Indus River burst its banks near Sukkur on August 8, submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi.

Other Information

• Duration: 27 July 2010—
• Damages: 15 Billion USD (Approx.)
• Fatalities: 1,600+
• Areas affected: Pakistan, India

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The 2010 Russian wildfires are a series of hundreds of wildfires that broke out across Russia, primarily in the west, from late July 2010 to present, due to record temperatures (hottest summer in Russian history) and drought in the region. The President of Russia has declared a state of emergency in seven regions for the fires, while 28 other regions were under a state of emergency due to crop failures caused by the Russian drought.

Overview

During the year 2010, Russia experienced generally dry and hot weather starting around late May – early June. Temperatures of 35 °C (95 °F) first occurred after 12 June, which alone was an abnormality for the country (average mid-June temperatures seldom rise above 30 °C (86 °F)). In the second half of June, distant Russian regions (such as Sakha Republic), located mostly in Asia, as well as areas of partial taiga, had temperatures of 38–40 °C (100–104 °F) degrees. The warm ridging pattern then slowly moved westward to the Ural Mountains, and by July settled in European Russia.

On 25 June a new temperature record was set in the Asian portion of Russia, at Belogorsk, Amur Oblast, at 42.3 °C (108.1 °F). The previous record in the Asian portion was 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) at Aksha (village) on 21 July 2004. A new record for the highest nationwide temperature in Russia was set on 11 July, at 44 °C (111 °F), in Yashkul, Kalmykia (in the European portion), beating the previous record of 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) set on 6 August 1940, also in Kalmykia.

Average temperatures in the region increased to over 35 °C (95 °F). Citizens of Moscow endured nights of 36 °C (97 °F), a record for nighttime temperatures since the year 1947. The mean high for European Russia recorded on 26 July reached 40 °C (104 °F) during the day, and 34 °C (93 °F) at night. During the month of July, a large portion of European Russia was more than 7 °C (12.6 °F) warmer than normal.

Other Information

• Location : Russia
• Date : Late July 2010 – present
• Land use : Villages, farmland, woodlands
• Buildings destroyed : 2,000
• Fatalities : Minimum 53, possibly fifteen thousand

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The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 M earthquake, with an epicentre near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti’s capital. The earthquake occurred at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010. By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded. An estimated three million people were affected by the quake; the Haitian Government reported that an estimated 230,000 people had died, 300,000 had been injured and 1,000,000 made homeless. They also estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged.

The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel and other settlements in the region. Many notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Among those killed were Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Joseph Serge Miot, and opposition leader Micha Gaillard. The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission’s Chief, Hédi Annabi.

Many countries responded to appeals for humanitarian aid, pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel. Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals, and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which hampered rescue and aid efforts; confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritisation of flights further complicated early relief work. Port-au-Prince’s morgues were quickly overwhelmed with many tens of thousands of bodies having to be buried in mass graves. As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities. Delays in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, and looting and sporadic violence were observed.

On 22 January the United Nations noted that the emergency phase of the relief operation was drawing to a close, and on the following day the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors.

Other Information

• Date : 16:53:10, 12 January 2010 (−05:00), 21:53:10, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
• Magnitude : 7.0
• Depth : 13 km (8.1 miles)
• Epicenter location : 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533
• Countries or regions affected : Haiti
• Max. intensity : MM X
• Tsunami : Yes
• Casualties : 92,000 – 230,000 deaths (6th deadliest earthquake)

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The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the BP oil spill, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the BP oil disaster or the Macondo blowout) is a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that is the largest offshore spill in U.S. history and among the largest oil spills in history. The spill stemmed from a sea-floor oil gusher that resulted from the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion. The explosion killed 11 platform workers and injured 17 others. On July 15, the leak was largely stopped by capping the gushing oil wellhead. The drilling of relief wells to permanently close the well is ongoing.

The quasi-official Flow Rate Technical Group estimated the oil well was leaking 35,000 to 60,000 barrels (1,500,000 to 2,500,000 US gallons; 5,600 to 9,500 cubic metres) of crude oil per day. This volume is approximately equal to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill every four to seven days. The exact flow rate is uncertain due to the difficulty of installing measurement devices at that depth and is a matter of debate. The resulting oil slick covered at least 2,500 square miles (6,500 km²), fluctuating daily depending on weather conditions. Scientists have also reported immense underwater plumes of dissolved oil not visible at the surface.

The spill continues to cause extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats as well as the Gulf’s fishing and tourism industries. Crews have been working to protect hundreds of miles of beaches, wetlands and estuaries along the northern Gulf coast, using skimmer ships, floating containment booms, anchored barriers, and sand-filled barricades along shorelines. The U.S. Government has named BP as the responsible party, and officials have committed to holding the company accountable for all cleanup costs and other damage.

Background

The Deepwater Horizon was a 9-year-old semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit, a massive floating, dynamically positioned drilling rig that could operate in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep and drill down to 30,000 feet (9,100 m). It was owned by Transocean, operated under the Marshallese flag of convenience, and was under lease to BP from March 2008 to September 2013. At the time of the explosion, it was drilling an exploratory well at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in the Macondo Prospect, located in the Mississippi Canyon Block 252 of the Gulf of Mexico in the United States exclusive economic zone about 41 miles (66 km) off the Louisiana coast. Production casing was being installed and cemented by Halliburton Energy Services. Once the cementing was complete, the well would have been tested for integrity and a cement plug set, after which no further activities would take place until the well was later activated as a subsea producer. BP is the operator and principal developer of the Macondo Prospect with a 65% share, while 25% is owned by Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, and 10% by MOEX Offshore 2007, a unit of Mitsui. BP leased the mineral rights for Macondo at the Minerals Management Service’s lease sale in March 2008.

During March and early April, several platform workers and supervisors expressed concerns with well control. At approximately 9:45 p.m. CDT on April 20, 2010, methane gas from the well, under high pressure, shot all the way up and out of the drill column, expanded onto the platform, and then ignited and exploded. Fire then engulfed the platform. Most of the workers were evacuated by lifeboats or were airlifted out by helicopter, but eleven workers were never found despite a three-day Coast Guard search operation, and are presumed to have died in the explosion. Efforts by multiple ships to douse the flames were unsuccessful. After burning for approximately 36 hours, the Deepwater Horizon sank on the morning of April 22, 2010.

On the afternoon of April 22, a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. Two remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) unsuccessfully attempted to cap the well. BP announced that it was deploying a ROV to the site to assess whether oil was flowing from the well. On April 23, a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well. Coast Guard Rear Admiral Mary Landry expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained. The following day, April 24, Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as “a very serious spill”. BP has not given a cause for the explosion. According to the US Congressional investigation the rig’s blowout preventer, a fail-safe device fitted at the base of the well, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.

Investigations

On April 22 the United States Coast Guard and the Minerals Management Service launched an investigation of the possible causes of the explosion. On May 11 the Obama administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation to determine the root causes of the disaster so that corrective steps could be taken to address the mechanical failures underlying the accident. On May 22 President Obama announced that he had issued Executive Order 13543 establishing the bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, with former Florida Governor and Senator Bob Graham and former Environmental Protection Agency Administrator William K. Reilly serving as co-chairs. The purpose of the commission is to “consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions.” On June 1 U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that he has opened an investigation of the oil spill. According to Holder, the Justice Department is interviewing witnesses as part of a criminal and civil investigation. Besides BP, the investigation could apply to other companies involved in the drilling of the damaged well.

The United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce has conducted a number of hearings. On June 17, CEO of BP Tony Hayward testified before the Committee. The heads of Anadarko and Mitsui’s exploration unit will testify before the Committee July 22. On April 30, the Committee asked Halliburton to brief it as well as provide any documents it might have related to its work on the Macondo well. Attention has focused on the cementing procedure and the blowout preventer, which failed to fully engage. A number of significant problems have been identified with the blowout preventer: There was a leak in the hydraulic system that provides power to the shear rams. The underwater control panel had been disconnected from the pipe ram, and instead connected to a test ram. The blowout preventer schematic drawings, provided by Transocean to BP, do not correspond to the structure that is on the ocean bottom. The shear rams are not designed to function on the joints where the drill pipes are screwed together or on tools that are passed through the blowout preventer during well construction. The explosion may have severed the communication line between the rig and the sub-surface blowout preventer control unit such that the blowout preventer would have never received the instruction to engage. Before the backup dead man’s switch could engage, communications, power and hydraulic lines must all be severed, but it is possible hydraulic lines were intact after the explosion. Of the two control pods for the deadman switch, the one that has been inspected so far had a dead battery. Employee Tyrone Benton told the BBC on June 21 that a leak was spotted on a crucial piece of equipment in the oil rig’s blowout preventer weeks before the accident, and that Transocean and BP were emailed about it.

According to the testimony of Doug Brown, the chief mechanic on the Deepwater Horizon, on May 26 at the joint U.S. Coast Guard and Minerals Management Service hearing, a BP representative overruled Transocean employees and insisted on displacing protective drilling mud with seawater just hours before the explosion. One of the BP representatives on the board responsible for making the final decision, Robert Kaluza, refused to testify on the Fifth Amendment grounds that he might incriminate himself; Donald Vidrine, another BP representative, cited medical reasons for his inability to testify, as did James Mansfield, Transocean’s assistant marine engineer on board.

The House Energy and Commerce Committee is investigating the incident. In a statement made in June they noted that in a number of cases leading up to the explosion, BP appears to have chosen riskier procedures to save time or money, sometimes against the advice of its staff or contractors.

In a June 18 statement, Jim Hackett, the CEO of Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, said research “indicates BP operated unsafely and failed to monitor and react to several critical warning signs during the drilling. … BP’s behavior and actions likely represent gross negligence or willful misconduct.” BP responded by strongly disagreeing with the Anadarko statement and said that, despite being contractually liable for sharing clean-up costs, Anadarko is “refusing to accept responsibility for oil spill removal costs and damages”. BP has sent Anadarko a bill for $272.2 million; Anadarko is “assessing our contractual remedies”.

Other Information

• Location : Gulf of Mexico near Mississippi River Delta
• Date : April 20, 2010 – present
• Cause : Wellhead blowout
• Casualties : 13 dead 11 killed on Deepwater Horizon, 2 additional oil-related deaths, 17 injured
• Operator : Transocean under contract for BP
• Volume : up to 100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000 cubic meters) per day; up to four million barrels (170 million gallons) total (as of July 26, 2010) As much as 180m gallons (4.28million barrels)
• Area  : 2,500 to 68,000 sq mi (6,500 to 180,000 km²)

World’s Largest Oil Spills

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The 2010 Chile earthquake happened off the coast of the Maule Region of Chile, on February 27, 2010, with a magnitude of what was originally reported to be between 8.3 and 8.5 magnitude, and has since been upgraded to a possible 8.8 magnitude. It was the strongest earthquake affecting Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, and the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

The 8.8 magnitude of the 2010 Chilean quake may also be compared with the 7.0 magnitude of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake.

The earthquake was also felt in the Chilean capital Santiago as well as in many Argentinean cities.

Its epicenter was offshore from the Maule Region, approximately 8 km (5.0 miles) west of Curanipe and 115 km north-northeast of Chile’s second largest city, Concepción. Other cities exposed to Mercalli intensity scale intensity VIII (Destructive) shaking were Arauco, Lota and Constitución. The quake occurred at 03:34 local time, and is reported to have lasted 10–30 seconds.

Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile, has declared a “state of catastrophe”. Warnings were issued in 53 countries.

Other Information

• Date : 27 February 2010 06:34:17 UTC (2010-02-27T06:34:17)
• Magnitude : 8.8
• Depth : 35 kilometres (22 mi)
• Epicenter location : Coordinates: 35°50′46″S 72°43′08″W / 35.846°S 72.719°W / -35.846; -72.719
• Countries or regions affected : Chile, Maule Region, Biobío Region
• Casualties : 78 deaths reported

News

• Highway Collapsed : 2010 Chile Earthquake
• Tsunami advisory canceled after 7.0 earthquake off Okinawa
• Pacific under tsunami threat after massive 8.8 quake strikes Chile
• Magnitude 6.9 earthquake shakes southern Japan, tsunami warning issued

Links

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